Merdeka! But are we totally free?
by Azly Rahman
Let me share my thoughts on independence and social contract by first quoting excerpts from a poem by the American poet Emma Lazarus, and next from the Enlightenment thinker Jean Jacques Rousseau.
“Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!” (The New Colossus by Lazarus, inscribed on the Statue of Liberty in the New York).
“Nations, like men, are teachable only in their youth, with age they become incorrigible. Once customs have been established and prejudices rooted, reform is a dangerous and fruitless enterprise, a people cannot bear to see its evils touched, even if only to be eradicated, it is like a stupid, pusillanimous invalid who trembles at the sight of a physician” (Rousseau in The Social Contract).
The excerpts above inspire my essay on the meaning of social contract.
Let us go back to our history and listen attentively to the idea of the formation of Malaysia. We must revise our understanding of social contract that we derive from state-authored textbooks, written by the intelligentsia; knowledge that has since formed the perception of policy makers.
What revisions do we need to make to our social contract, if we are to be independent?
Our ideology
The validity of an argument has its birth and death. It’s life-line is determined by the historical moment and essentially by the historical-materialistic condition of existence. Ideas become bankrupt, designed to collapse under their own internal weight of contradiction. Ideas that once ‘moved nations’ may also mark their end of history.
The post-independence argument that formed the New Economic Policy (NEP) is one such collapsing argument.
Human beings with ideological and constitutive interests craft arguments in favour of this or that political-economic advantage. Those arguments become a basis for this and that contract/compact/covenant or even law enforced with iron hands.
In our history, the British-colonialist produced argument on the issue of ‘social contract’ that has become an emerging issue as Malaysia is planning to celebrate her 50th birthday soon. Let us revisit this argument.
What did the British Empire still want when it granted Malaya independence on a silver platter? What ideological paradigm was transplanted into the consciousness of the people and the political-economic landscape of Malaya when the Reid Commission laid out its arguments for the protection of the rights of this or that person and how did this benefit the British in the overall scheme of neo-colonialism?
What character of neo-colonialism was about to take shape as the ‘newly-Independent’ Malaysia struggled with an identity crisis of deciding who owned the land and who should be considered second-class citizens?
These are difficult questions that are surfacing in a newer light. These are haunting us – the new generations of ‘hyphenated’ Malaysians. But I think there are answers to these questions and they must be crafted differently and require a re-interpretation of history.
Let us reconstruct our understanding of social contract so that it may become real to the lived experience of the working class multi-cultural poor and those marginalised and yearning to be free.
I am inspired by Rousseau’s notion of social contract: ‘How to find a form of association which will defend the person and the goods of each member with the collective force of all, and under which each individual, while uniting himself with others, obeys no one but himself, and remains as free as before. This is the fundamental problem to which the social contract holds the solution.”
Newly-branded arguments
History, said Hannah Arendt, does not necessarily mean progress. Malaysia’s history cannot be equated with the progress of arguments that are taught by her imperialist masters and race theoreticians. If this is the notion of progress we are embracing, we are actually accentuating the haze of totalitarianism. To package and market these argument anew is failure to analyse it historically using the tools of what I call, ‘post-structuralist dialogical materialism’.
To let the story of this nation called Malaysia continue, let us abandon the race-based definition of citizenship and ownership of national wealth, definitions derived from race theorist produced by the process of ‘othering’, or ‘we versus them’.
We must not be afraid to even reinterpret the spirit of the constitution and call upon constitutional conventions to amend parts of it that no longer suit our generation that continues to evolve as Malaysians. This is the essence of creativity and problem-solving in a nation that is complex and in constant cultural flux. This will make our nation stronger and its citizens wiser. We will no longer need a keris-based argument.
The history of the American Constitution, saw amendments to make it relevant to the changing times and fundamentally to make it closer to the meaning of America as a land of immigrants. In spite of its shortcomings, America has constantly renewed the spirit of multi-culturalism.
If we are to also renew our understanding of multi-culturalism, think of the following proposition.
In Malaysia, are we not all immigrants and time travelers that are being tested based on how we treat each other in non-discriminatory terms irrespective of race, colour, creed, and national origin? Is this not what all religions profess too?
The gradual migration of the Malays, Chinese, Indians and other peoples of varied linguistic stock (yet with similar DNA make-up) to Tanah Melayu, illustrate phases of historical moments in the epic of British colonialism.
The great epic of Pax Brittanica is one which tells the story of a world dominated by an empire that controlled the means of production, and thereby controlled the means of mental production and hence, the production of the ideology called ‘colonialism’.
It is a story of the economic drafting of ‘indentured servants’ forced to enrich the British Empire and how the ideology of imperialism bred class antagonism cleverly masked in the name of race and ethnic politics. One needs to read the history of slavery and civil rights movement in America in order to understand how we are evolving and how race is not a specific and isolated moment in Malaysian history, but a global and historical phenomena in the development of the cultural logic of late, middle, and early capitalism.
Economic interest
It has been almost 50 years since this experiment called ‘Malaysia’ was designed by the long-dead and gone British imperialists. The children and grand-children of those rubber tappers, padi planters, fishermen, petty traders, and tin-miners have all grown up and become classes of people ideologised, hegemonised and subjugated by a modern version of British colonialist divide-and-rule policy — the ideology of the NEP.
The earlier crafters of the neo-colonialist ideology of Malaysian communalism believed that a just social contract is one that protected and promoted the economic interest of each major race separately. It has worked to a certain extent as, for instance, in the creation of a professional bumiputera class and a few millionaires.
But a neo-colonialist ideology creates a neo-colonialist system of production of human beings, materials, and culture based on a pseudo-sophisticated strands of arguments of race theory that is founded upon the structure of hyper-modernity.
Are we seeing a bankruptcy of race-based ideology of a post-Reid Commission, post-NEP confusion agenda of neo-colonialist based developmentalism that squeezes the blood, sweat and tears out of the cheap human labour of different colour and national origins?
In this Malaysia in the year 2007, how must we construct a more accurate definition of a native, an immigrant, a first/second/third generation of this or that?
-Why must we not question history if we are to become new makers of it?
-Why must we still treat the grandchildren of immigrants as ‘second-class’ citizens?
-Why must we not accord them with opportunities that resemble equitable/regulative justice?
-Have not their parents laboured for the prosperity of this nation, a nation that has trumpeted itself the world over as a modern developing state?
-Have not the children of these serfs and labourers think, act, and feel Malaysian enough to be treated as equals?
-Why must we not declare, as the principles of social redistributive justice requires, that we must design a new social contract that will abolish all interpretations of human beings based on racial origin and use the abundant resources we have for the benefit of all – all the children and grandchildren of tine miners, rubber tappers, and padi planters, fishermen who were cleverly divided, conquered, and exploited by the British imperialists?
Or even better, I propose we not only think ourselves no longer, constitutionally as ‘hyphenated-this-or-that-Malaysian’, but reject any form of ethnic-chauvinistic-based politics that are only interested in advancing neo-colonialist ideology we wish to expunge from our consciousness.
That will be a good beginning to our new resolution for Merdeka.
Lived democracy
What is independence then? I have some thoughts on this.
Independence is not a slogan but an existential state of mind and a condition of ‘lived democracy’, one in which citizens are aware of how oppressive systems are cultivated. We cannot be independent until we arrive at these historical junctures, and until we do the following:
1. Free the human mind from all forms of dogmas, superstitions, mental chains, hegemonic formations, and transitional levels of totalitarianism. Our educational system at all levels must strengthen the scientific and philosophical foundation of its curriculum and practices to effect changes in the higher-order thinking skills of the next generation. We should not tolerate any forms of bigotry, racial chauvinism, and retarded form of democracy in our educational system.
2. Understand the relationship between the ‘self and the system of social relations of production’ and how the self becomes alienated and reduced to labour and appendages and cogs in the wheels of industrial system of production, a system that hides under the name of the corporatist nation and any other term that masks the real exploitation of the human self.
3. Make ourselves aware that our social systems, through the rapid development of technology and its synthesis with local and international predatory culture, have helped create classes of human beings that transforms their bodies into different classes of labour (manual, secretarial, managerial, militarial, intellectual, and capital-owning) that is now shaping the nature of class antagonism locally and globally.
4. Understand how our political, economic, cultural institutions have evolved and are created out of the vestiges of newer forms of colonialism, institutions that are built upon the ideology of race-based interpretations of human and material development that benefit the few who own the means of cultural, material, and intellectual production.
5. Understand how ideologies that oppress humanity works, how prevailing political, economic, cultural ideologies help craft false consciousness and create psychological barriers to the creation of a society that puts the principles of social contract into practice.
6. Be aware of how our physical landscape creates spaces of power and knowledge and alienates us and how huge structural transformations such as the Multimedia Super Corridor and other clones and replicas of it that are creating a new form of technological city-scape (technopoles) that benefits local and international real estate profiteers more that they provide more humane living spaces for the poor and the marginalised in an increasingly cybernated society.
7. Be fully aware of the relationship between science, culture, and society and how these interplay with contemporary global challenges and how we clearly or blindly adopt these rapid changes and transform them into our newer shibboleths of developmentalism — one such policy being the National BioTechnology Programme.
8. Put a halt to the systematic stupefication of academicians and students in our public universities by first incorporating Academic Freedom Clauses in their mission statements and next enculturalising intellectualism in these learning environments.
I am not keen on thinking about celebrating Merdeka. I feel that the indicators of our psychological, economical, political and technological well being, are telling us that there is a rupture in progress – one that is signifying the collapse of an argument taught to us by the British imperialists.
The powerful amongst us are now the new imperialists, new mandarins with their own daulat (sovereignty), creating a more sophisticated caste system, and keeping this matrix functioning.
I am more keen on exploring the possibilities of Rousseau’s ideas of ‘social contract’ and crafting a new definition of Malaysian multi-culturalism.
And borrowing the words of Lazarus, let us lift our lamps ‘beside our golden door’.
Which Lazarus?? The one Jesus raised from the dead?
“The gradual migration of the Malays, Chinese, Indians and other peoples of varied linguistic stock (yet with similar DNA make-up) to Tanah Melayu, illustrate phases of historical moments in the epic of British colonialism.”
What a load of rubbish! How could Melayu migrate to tanah Melayu. This is akin to saying the Japanese migrated to Japan!
“The gradual migration of the Malays, Chinese, Indians and other peoples of varied linguistic stock (yet with similar DNA make-up) to Tanah Melayu,..”
the Australian population is 21 million, only 2.5 % are the indigenous natives, the aboriginal people.
the American population is 301 million, the original indigenous ppl are the american indians, red indians, eskimos, native hawaiians, etc.
in malaysia, the negritos, penans,
found this following article in the WIKIPEDIA :-
Early Hindu Settlers
Hindu traders began to settle down and spread their culture, architecture, languages, writings, words, foods, costumes, religions, government system, moral education and many more to set up the first local Malay Kingdom, also known as Srivijaya, which lasted 1400 years.
Yunnan
Inhabitants of early Yunnan may be traced back into prehistory from a homo erectus fossil, ‘Yuanmou Man’, which was unearthed in the 1960s. They were the ancestors of rice eating peoples, with their culture of cultivating rice spread throughout the entire region.
Yunnan migration theory
The theory of Proto Malay originating from Yunnan is supported by R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana and Asmah Haji Omar. The Proto Malay (Melayu asli) who first arrived possessed agricultural skills while the second wave Deutero Malay (mixed blood) who joined in around 1500 BC and dwelled along the coastlines have advanced fishery skills. During the migration, both groups intermarried with peoples of the southern islands, such as those from Java (Indonesian), and also with aboriginal peoples of Australoid, Negrito and Melanesoid origin.
Other evidences that support this theory include:
Stone tools found at Malay archipelago are analogous to Central Asian tools.
Similarity of Malay customs and Assam customs.
Malay language & Cambodian language are kindred languages because the ancestral home of Cambodians originated from the source of Mekong River.
Mekong Delta
Doorframe of Yunnan 2006 and ancient Malay text found at Palembang’s Kedukan Bukit 682CE.According to Khmer history, the earliest known civilisation was the 1st century Indianised-Khmer culture of Funan, in the Mekong Delta. The Khmer empire of Angkor was the last before the kingdom fled to various places seeking refuge. Palembang and later Malacca were among the places. Archeological evidences found that inhabitants of early Cambodia were peoples of Neolithic culture. They possessed good technical skills while the more advanced groups, who lived near the coast and in the lower delta of Mekong, cultivated irrigated rice. It is believed that they were the ancestors of the people living in insular Southeast Asia and islands of Pacific Ocean. They were also knowledgeable in iron and bronze works as well as possessing good navigational skills. (Source: Based on information from John F. Cady, Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development, New York, 1964.)
Oldest Malay text
The Kedukan Bukit inscription of 682 CE found at Palembang and the modern Yunnan Dai minority’s traditional writings were of the same language family of Pallava, also known as Pallava Grantha. Dai ethnic (or Dai minority) of Yunnan is one of the aboriginal inhabitants of modern Yunnan province of China. (Picture) is taken from Jinghong city of Yunnan, a modern doorframe with Dai minority texts & Chinese, at right is the ancient Kedukan Bukit inscription.
“Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me..” That was more that 200 years ago. Today’s America hunt down and deport the tired, poor migrants from Mexico and other wretched countries. that’s why refugees from Darfur and Somalia are still dying in their thousands without a chance of reaching America…
“The gradual migration of the Malays, Chinese, Indians and other peoples of varied linguistic stock (yet with similar DNA make-up) to Tanah Melayu…”
australian population is 21 million, the indigenous natives, aboriginal ppl is only 2.5%.
american population is 301 million, the original natives are the american indians, red indians, eskimos, native hawaiian.
malaysia has the Orang Asli , negritos, penans, the Semai, Temiar, Jakun (Orang Hulu), and Temuan..
so, the migration theory . . .of the whole population. . .
found this article in the WIKIPEDIA :
Yunnan
Inhabitants of early Yunnan may be traced back into prehistory from a homo erectus fossil, ‘Yuanmou Man’, which was unearthed in the 1960s. In year 221 BC, Qin Shihuang conquered Yunnan and unified China. Yunnan has since become a province of China. They were the ancestors of rice eating peoples, with their culture of cultivating rice spread throughout the entire region. The native name of the Mekong River peoples’ home in Yunnan is Xishuangbanna (Sipsongpanna) which literally means “twelve thousand rice fields”, it is the home of the Dai minority. Xishuangbanna sits at a lower altitude than most of the Yunnan mountainous ranges.
Yunnan women on the street, wearing batik & sarong. Photo taken at the city of Jinghong (2004).
[edit] Yunnan migration theory
The theory of Proto Malay originating from Yunnan is supported by R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana and Asmah Haji Omar. The Proto Malay (Melayu asli) who first arrived possessed agricultural skills while the second wave Deutero Malay (mixed blood) who joined in around 1500 BC and dwelled along the coastlines have advanced fishery skills. During the migration, both groups intermarried with peoples of the southern islands, such as those from Java (Indonesian), and also with aboriginal peoples of Australoid, Negrito and Melanesoid origin.
Other evidences that support this theory include:
Stone tools found at Malay archipelago are analogous to Central Asian tools.
Similarity of Malay customs and Assam customs.
Malay language & Cambodian language are kindred languages because the ancestral home of Cambodians originated from the source of Mekong River.
Mekong Delta
Doorframe of Yunnan 2006 and ancient Malay text found at Palembang’s Kedukan Bukit 682CE.According to Khmer history, the earliest known civilisation was the 1st century Indianised-Khmer culture of Funan, in the Mekong Delta. The Khmer empire of Angkor was the last before the kingdom fled to various places seeking refuge. Palembang and later Malacca were among the places. Archeological evidences found that inhabitants of early Cambodia were peoples of Neolithic culture. They possessed good technical skills while the more advanced groups, who lived near the coast and in the lower delta of Mekong, cultivated irrigated rice. It is believed that they were the ancestors of the people living in insular Southeast Asia and islands of Pacific Ocean. They were also knowledgeable in iron and bronze works as well as possessing good navigational skills. (Source: Based on information from John F. Cady, Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development, New York, 1964.)
Oldest Malay text
The Kedukan Bukit inscription of 682 CE found at Palembang and the modern Yunnan Dai minority’s traditional writings were of the same language family of Pallava, also known as Pallava Grantha. Dai ethnic (or Dai minority) of Yunnan is one of the aboriginal inhabitants of modern Yunnan province of China. (Picture) is taken from Jinghong city of Yunnan, a modern doorframe with Dai minority texts & Chinese, at right is the ancient Kedukan Bukit inscription.
“The gradual migration of the Malays, Chinese, Indians and other peoples of varied linguistic stock (yet with similar DNA make-up) to Tanah Melayu…”
australian population is 21 million, the indigenous natives, aboriginal ppl is only 2.5%.
american population is 301 million, the original natives are the american indians, red indians, eskimos, native hawaiian.
malaysia has the Orang Asli , negritos, penans, the Semai, Temiar, Jakun (Orang Hulu), and Temuan.. the original people.
go to the Wikipedia for the Yunnan migration theory.
the WIKIPEDIA :
Yunnan
Inhabitants of early Yunnan may be traced back into prehistory from a homo erectus fossil, ‘Yuanmou Man’, which was unearthed in the 1960s. In year 221 BC, Qin Shihuang conquered Yunnan and unified China. Yunnan has since become a province of China. They were the ancestors of rice eating peoples, with their culture of cultivating rice spread throughout the entire region. The native name of the Mekong River peoples’ home in Yunnan is Xishuangbanna (Sipsongpanna) which literally means “twelve thousand rice fields”, it is the home of the Dai minority. Xishuangbanna sits at a lower altitude than most of the Yunnan mountainous ranges.
Yunnan women on the street, wearing batik & sarong. Photo taken at the city of Jinghong (2004).
[edit] Yunnan migration theory
The theory of Proto Malay originating from Yunnan is supported by R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana and Asmah Haji Omar. The Proto Malay (Melayu asli) who first arrived possessed agricultural skills while the second wave Deutero Malay (mixed blood) who joined in around 1500 BC and dwelled along the coastlines have advanced fishery skills. During the migration, both groups intermarried with peoples of the southern islands, such as those from Java (Indonesian), and also with aboriginal peoples of Australoid, Negrito and Melanesoid origin.
Other evidences that support this theory include:
Stone tools found at Malay archipelago are analogous to Central Asian tools.
Similarity of Malay customs and Assam customs.
Malay language & Cambodian language are kindred languages because the ancestral home of Cambodians originated from the source of Mekong River.
Mekong Delta
Doorframe of Yunnan 2006 and ancient Malay text found at Palembang’s Kedukan Bukit 682CE.According to Khmer history, the earliest known civilisation was the 1st century Indianised-Khmer culture of Funan, in the Mekong Delta. The Khmer empire of Angkor was the last before the kingdom fled to various places seeking refuge. Palembang and later Malacca were among the places. Archeological evidences found that inhabitants of early Cambodia were peoples of Neolithic culture. They possessed good technical skills while the more advanced groups, who lived near the coast and in the lower delta of Mekong, cultivated irrigated rice. It is believed that they were the ancestors of the people living in insular Southeast Asia and islands of Pacific Ocean. They were also knowledgeable in iron and bronze works as well as possessing good navigational skills. (Source: Based on information from John F. Cady, Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development, New York, 1964.)
I guess DiaperHead is a Malay. Just for your knowledge, Malay migrated from Palembang to Melaka during Parameswara time. The real Bumiputra is the orang asli. :)
Migrants are people who come after original settlers. Original settlers were the first to have a organized settlement, organized society or ‘civilisation’, if you will, with a complete economic, social, legal and political system and government within defined political boundaries, a developed art and culture amongst a relatively homogeneous people, with the requisite power (military) to protect and extend such a system and enforce their claim to first right to the country, coupled with others (from other countries) recognizing that right along these lines. On these bases, the whites of America claim sovereignty over the Red Indians, of Australia and New Zealand over Aborigines, and the Malays of the Malacca Sultanate over our disparate groups of Orang Asli in the jungles of Malaya.
That is the criteria. You don’t really ask where eons ago they came from and whether Proto Malay originated from Yunnan, a province of China, and hence by extending the argument historically Malays were Chinese, or for that matter the first peoples (Red Indians) were also Chinese migrating through Siberia, crossing over to present day Alaska and later becoming Apaches and Cheyennes – because if you were to do so, why stop there, we may as well ask where the Chinese came from, the answer for which was probably Africa because the first people were supposedly from Africa before they fanned all over our planet.
Race based Politic Party is a bad for country unity.
We Malaysian welcome DAP & Keadilan to rules Malaysia
for all Malaysian.
Majority among us are still birds in the cage. Freedom of the mind for Malaysians will only come to one conclusion, the fall of UMNO and BN and their fifty odd years of atrocities.
The Japanese were so to speak Chinese ‘migrating’ over to Japan. But once settled there they formed an organised society with complete economic social and political system and evolved their distinctive arts and culture different from the Chinese. Take Taiwan – can we say that present day Taiwanese Chinese have lesser claim to country than Pingpu Aborigines earlier than them?
In the case of Malacca Sultanate, the early Chinese of China and the Chinese junks carrying gifts including Princess Hang Li Po were given to Sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca as tributes in recognition of his Suzerainty. They didn’t pay tribute to Orang Asli. Does it not strike you as odd that later Chinese here should argue that recognition of whom the country belonged in the early days too should be conferred to earlier Orang Asli and not the Malays who formed a complete social economic and political system in Malacca Sultanate recognised by earlier Chinese from China?
I wonder why we can’t have Malaysian as race. After all, we’re one nation. In the same boat. That’s why Malaysia will die. Mark my word. With all this racial politics and racial mentality like DiaperHead, Malaysia will die.
There cannot be total freedom as in no control, no discipline, no rules, no regulations, nothing at all. This will be anarchy instead. But this sort of freedom is one that will be treasured by all Malaysians. So what are the desires of Malaysians ?
Concerning migration, here is something found.
Just before the days of the dinosaurs, the Earth’s continents were all connected into one huge landmass called Pangaea. This huge supercontinent was surrounded by one gigantic ocean called Panthalassa. This was 250 million years ago. About 180 million years ago the supercontinent Pangaea began to break up. “You have bipedal hominids ( humans ) by 4 million years ago. 1 million years ago, Pangaea is continuing to move and change, but now on a smaller scale. Volcanoes erupt around the world, mostly along the edges where the plates collide with one another, particularly around the rim of the Pacific in what will someday be called the Ring of Fire. With the Atlantic pushed new land to the east of its ridge, and to the west of its ridge, these tow forces will eventually collide, and as they do so they slam into the Pacific plate. All around the Pacific there are incredible earthquakes, massive folding and faulting as the earth shifts under enormous pressure.
In some places, the first footsteps of human-like are left imprinted in the soft volcanic soil that then hardens, capturing their stride intact for millions of years. The Age of the Mammals now sees mighty Mammoths and Mastodons roaming the earth. Huge fierce saber tooth tigers are a threat to the smaller animals. And cattle and sheep have been clustering in herds for the last 2 or more million years. 30,000 years ago, the earth enters into an ice age and as the water is frozen into massive blocks thousand of miles in size, the sea water level falls. And once again land bridges reappear. Early people begin crossing this bridges following the big game that is the source of their food in these cold, plant less times, unknowingly crossing between continents. Others sail along the edges of continents first with the sunrise on their right, then later with the sunrise on their right as they sail north and the follow the coast as it turns to the south.
Humans migrate not without any reasons. Probably it is in the nature of a human being to question if there is more than a routine life in just one place.
What does independence mean to one who is borned a Malaysian and what does it mean to one who migrate to this land of smiles ? Being independent of corruption. Being independent to respect another person. Being independent to strive for excellence. Being independent to be myself. Being independent to choose my friends. Being independent to choose my own religion. What do you think ?
DiaperHead, unless you read more, please stop being a rubbish yourself
only the orang asli were from Malaya – the rest all came as immigrants, with the current Malays being the first to arrive, followed by the Middle-Eastern traders, and the Chinese & Indian traders & labour
it’s people like you (who jump to conclusions based on own ignorance) that we have such a lame country
ie. refer to how the BN rubbished ASLI’s report without evidence (which until today, they still cannot produce)
ASLI – sad story and sad tool to be exploited by ‘interested’ parties.
ORANG ALSI – sad story and sad group to be exploited by ‘interested parties’ too.
History are there to remind us about how things were formed andwhat good can we do now for our next generations.
Any form of exploitations will definitely leads to changes to the original history of mankind.
We all know that. This beauty earth have been ‘crying’ far too long.
We just happens to be fallen into deaf ears to her voices.
To me, those who claimed that this land belongs to them first are the one that will eventually “take away” the beauty, warmness and loving that flows throughout the entire pastures.
it have got nothing to do with race.
it’s a human error. some thought, they are very special peoples with priviledges. and some feel, they are just a humanbeings.
race base is not an issue actually! it’s the people with “ketuanan” thinking that make them think, the land is theirs only.
Folks readers out there -( On Courtesy )
Courteous treatment is a recognition
by one person that another person has the same
dignity as human being.
The practice of courtesy develops the habit of treating others as equals.
It is, therefore, more than a lubricant which prevents irritation between individuals of different background.
It becomes a solvent of causes of friction and, when constantly applied, produces a positive force in the creation of good will.
is that a little thing?
If so,
life is full of little things-
full of small pains and petty grievances which little remedies can cure.
fundamentals = prograss at least start from youself first… what pst is pst but present is what is all about. this world belong to nobody and non of us deserve anything so take heart wherever you are and always think before you act…
takecare and be happy….
by Frank S.Hogan